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Six spice essential oils (sage, rosemary, caraway, cumin, clove, and thyme) and their basic ingredients were tested for their inhibitory effect against 3 strains of Gram-negative bacteria, 4 strains of Gram-positive bacteria, one acid fast bacterium, and one yeast. Preliminary screening of antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was done using the filter paper disc agar diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration for each essential oil against various micro-organisms was also measured. Very low concentrations (0.25 - 12 mg/ml) of the various essential oils were sufficient to prevent microbial growth. The data show that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the antimicrobial compounds in spices than Gram-negative. The inhibition zones of different microbial growth produced by various essential oils were similar to those produced by their basic compounds. Thyme and cumin oils possessed very strong antimicrobial activity compared with the other essential oils. There was a relationship between the chemical structures of the most abundant compounds in the essential oils under investigation and the antimicrobial activity.
Egyptian Gold combines the most valuable essences of the Middle East and Central Europe. This oil blend commemorates the many trips Young Living Founder D. Gary Young made to Egypt to learn the ancient wisdom of essential oils.
Aromatherapy uses plant materials and aromatic plant oils, including essential oils, and other aroma components to improve the psychological and physical well-being. It can be offered as a complementary therapy or as a form of alternative medicine.
Our essential oils are properly documented, including specification sheets, safety data sheets (MSDS), certificates of analysis and natural certificates kosher, Halal, ISO 22000 & OHSAS 18001 Certificates, you can check our Certifications page on our link Below.
The genus Callistemon comprises evergreen shrubs or small trees, widely cultivated as ornamentals and for essential oil production. Callistemon is well-recognized in folk medicine for its anti-cough, anti-bronchitis, and insecticidal activities. In the current study, we profiled the essential oil composition of the leaves of C. citrinus, C. rigidus and C. viminalis (Myrtaceae) collected during different seasons by GLC-MS coupled to multivariate data analysis. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of Callistemon essential oils were evaluated. A total of 29 compounds were tentatively identified. Oxygenated monoterpenes dominated in essential oils, where eucalyptol represented the major constituent in the three Callistemon species in all seasons. Multivariate data analysis including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were applied to discriminate between different Callistemon species in each season and to investigate any correlation between the metabolic profile of each species within different seasons. As expected, PCA plot could discriminate the three Callistemon species in the four seasons. The dendrogram from HCA confirmed the results of PCA as it showed the same segregation pattern regarding the discrimination of different Callistemon species. C. viminalis showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than C. citrinus, exhibiting IC50 values of 1.40 mg/mL and 1.77 mg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, C. rigidus showed very weak antioxidant activity. All oils showed membrane stabilization activity in hypotonic solution induced haemolysis assay, where C. viminalis showed potent membrane stabilizing activity exhibiting IC50 value of 25.6 μg/mL comparable to that of the standard drug, indomethacin (17.02 μg/mL). Nevertheless, Callistemon essential oils were not cytotoxic in HCT-116 and Hela human cancer cell lines.
Citation: Gad HA, Ayoub IM, Wink M (2019) Phytochemical profiling and seasonal variation of essential oils of three Callistemon species cultivated in Egypt. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0219571.
The main goal of this study is phytochemical profiling of essential oils from three Callistemon species (C. citrinus, C. rigidus and C. viminalis) in different seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) by GLC/MS. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were applied as pattern recognition techniques to discriminate between species and seasons. Moreover, essential oils were assessed for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities.
The essential oils from fresh leaves (100 g) of Callistemon citrinus, C. rigidus and C. viminalis were obtained by hydro-distillation for 4 h using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oil was collected, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, weighed and kept in sealed vials at 4C for further analyses. The yield in % (w/w) was determined in triplicate, based on the initial plant weight.
Membrane stabilization assay was used to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Callistemon essential oils using hypotonic solution-induced erythrocyte hemolysis described by Shinde et al. [17].
The major secondary metabolite of the three essential oils in different Callistemon species was eucalyptol (syn. 1,8-cineole) ranging from (71.27% - 81.70%), (69.15% -81.70%), (64.63% - 79.39%) and (55.69% - 80%) in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, with the highest variation in summer and spring. Essential oils of the three Callistemon species in four seasons showed α-terpineol and α-pinene as major components in addition to eucalyptol. α-Thujene, β-pinene, O-cymene, ɣ-terpinene, terpinolene and 4-terpinenol were detected as common constituents in all Callistemon species.
However, essential oils from C. citrinus leaves from Western Himalayas revealed high content of α-pinene (32.3%) followed by limonene (13.1%) and α-terpineol (14.6%), whereas, 1,8-cineole was only 9.8% of the leaf oil which controverted with previous studies from other geographical regions [26]. Thus, remarkable qualitative and quantitative variations in essential oil composition could be traced among plants collected in different geographical regions and /or seasons which necessitates construction of a simple and efficient chemometric model that could discriminate closely related species collected in different seasons.
Different bar charts were constructed for the major identified components of Callistemon essential oils. As shown in Fig 1, bar charts exhibited quantitative and qualitative differences regarding the metabolic profile of each species in each studied season. There are very close correlations between different Callistemon species in different seasons, as all samples showed eucalyptol as the major metabolite. Metabolic profiling (29 components, Table 1) were subjected to both PCA and HCA to reveal the chemical variability, and the inter-relationships between the oils in each season and among different species.
In an attempt to find the relationship between the phytochemical profile of each Callistemon species in different seasons, PCA was applied as shown in Fig 5A, 5B & 5C. Regarding C. citrinus and C. viminalis, PCA score plot demonstrated the discrepancy in the chemical composition of the essential oils collected in each season where they were completely segregated from each other with eucalyptol, α-pinene and α-terpineol as major metabolites with the highest impact on the separation of C. citrinus. In addition to eucalyptol, α-pinene, β-myrcene exhibited an influence on the segregation of C. viminalis in different seasons. For C. rigidus, a substantial difference was observed between essential oils constituents in spring and summer that are distanced from each other, with regard to that of autumn and winter that are closely related. From the loading plot, it was found that O-cymene and pseudolimonene were the main markers responsible for the segregation of C. rigidus in summer, however α-pinene discriminates the species in spring.
Essential oils have attracted attention for the plethora of bioactivities they possess. Callistemon essential oils were assessed for DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Antioxidant activity was presented herein as the concentration of essential oil that resulted in 50% free radical inhibition (IC50). C. viminalis showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than C. citrinus, exhibiting IC50 values of 1.40 mg/mL and 1.77 mg/mL, respectively. Nevertheless, C. rigidus showed very weak antioxidant activity with IC50 above the tested concentration range. Meanwhile, ascorbic acid exhibited IC50 value of 14.2 μg/ml. Results were in agreement with previous studies. Essential oil from the leaves of C. citrinus showed free radical scavenging activity with IC50 value of 4.02 mg/mL [28]. In another study, a pronounced free radical inhibitory activity (91.1 0.3%) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL was observed for C. citrinus leaf essential oil, comparable to 0.1 mg/mL gallic acid (95.7 2%) [29]. 041b061a72